In this paper, a novel risk-based, two-objective (technical and economical) optimal reactive power dispatch method in a wind-integrated power system is proposed which is more consistent with operational criteria.  The technical objective includes the minimization of the new voltage instability risk index. The economical objective includes cost minimization of reactive power generation and active power loss. The proposed voltage instability risk employs a hybrid possibilistic (Delphi-Fuzzy)-probabilistic approach that takes into consideration the operator’s experience, the wind speed and demand forecast uncertainties when quantifying the risk index. The decision variables are the reactive power resources of the system. To solve the problem, the modified multi-objective particle swarm optimization algorithm with sine and cosine acceleration coefficients is utilized. The method is implemented on the modified IEEE 30-bus system. The proposed method is compared with those in the previously published literature, and the results confirm that the proposed risk index is better at estimating the voltage instability risk of the system, especially in cases with severe impact and low probability. In addition, according to the simulation results compared to typical security-based planning, the proposed risk-based planning may increase the security and economy of the system due to better utilization of system resources.

In this paper, we discuss the importance of nuclear power for the future of the world with respect to climate change. In  particular, we examine the involvement of nuclear power by countries in several different ways. We consider first the   involvement of countries with respect to the amount of nuclear power produced, global energy transition, and capacity  factor. Countries are ranked with respect to these three involvement areas. The fuzzy similarity measures of these  rankings are found to be low in most cases. We next place countries in their respective regions. We rank the countries  with respect to their carbon dioxide emissions and their greenhouse gas emissions. We then determine the fuzzy  similarity measures of the countries with respect to the rankings. We found that one of the fuzzy similarity measures  involving green house gas emissions is high.

In this paper, competitiveness of nuclear power plants in comparison with fossil fuel power plants in Iran has been evaluated. For the first step, different factors affecting economic competitiveness of thermal power plants such as Investment, O&M and Fuel Costs, Discount Rate and Environmental Impacts has been studied. To analyse the effect of each parameter, screening curve method has been used. Taking into account that the real nuclear power competitiveness in Iran is against combine-cycle gas fired power plants, therefore the break even points of gas price(as the most important parameter in fossil fuel plants cost) and overnight investment cost as the most important parameter in nuclear power plant cost) has been calculated. Results show that gas price breakeven point for optimistic 1500$/kW nuclear power plant investment cost is 7 cents/m^3. By increasing the investment cost from 1500 to 2500 $/kW the breakeven point changes from 7 to 17 cents/m^3. As the production cost of gas is between 3-4.5 cents/m^3 and its opportunity cost is near zero (as a result of low potential of export in comparison with gas reservoirs), economic competitiveness of nuclear power plants in Iran is questionable. Increase in the gas price and export capability will lead to better competitiveness of nuclear power plants. It should be mentioned that the results are based on latest economic data of year 2005-2007 and can be updated.

A computer model, "ADIM 1.0" based on Gaussian distribution has been developed for description of atmospheric dispersion processes and diffusion of gaseous radioactive airborne pollutants of Bushehr nuclear power Plant. The code is capable of computing the concentration and deposition rate of airborne pollutants around the plant site, released from BNPP-1 stack during the normal operation and under different meteorological conditions. On the other hand, code is capable to determine the location for the maximum concentration value, and change evaluation in different states, for example: dry and wet deposition or inversion conditions. By the use of environmental data the code is also capable of computing the transfer of radionuclides through different media and pathways and provides assessment of individual and collective effective dose. The validity of this code was assessed and compared by the IAEA expert group and were found to be in excellent agreement with other codes developed for IAEA.

Diversity of power generation in each country can be considered a form of passive defense policy. Although there are enough fossil energy resources in Iran, due to several reasons, diversifying energy production centers has always been considered as a strategic policy and if we consider the occurrence of natural events and unpredictable disasters and the promotion of the diversity of scientific and technical professions to this collection, validity of such a strategy will be more clear. Locating such plants has attracted attention of land logisticians and due to environmental issues and security matters, it demands more attention and accuracy. This article, which is based on Christaller and Lush’ s theory, underlying the three main factors of environmental considerations, security, and access to the main power supply network and applying geographical information system, first attempts to determine the appropriate locations based on these three features, then, applying a provision of access to the beach and the sea depth in the form of TOPSIS priority ranking, it priorities ten points in Iran, as the candidate for building plants. The results of this study show that the distribution of certain areas of Iran has the advantage of such election and from the total of 10 points two regions in the north coasts, two regions in the domestic land, one region in the coast of Oman and five regions in Persian Gulf have the priority of being selected as locations for establishing nuclear power plants in Iran.

Recent evolutions, due to the universality of Space activities and emerging the use of nuclear power sources (NPS) for travelling to deep space, has reached its peak since 4th of January 2004. Recently a project known as Prometheus which studies nuclear fission reactors is being done by (NASA). These reactors can provide the Propulsion needed for these journeys by producing thousands of Watts of electricity (we). As solar energy and other kinds of energies do not produce enough electricity for a journey to deep space. Using (NPS) in USA and the Soviet Union started 40 years ago which was mostly in the form of (RTGs) and (RHGs).The aim of this article is to study the treaties and rules in international law especially international space law which are enforceable for space nuclear power sources. In this paper by applying an analytic -descriptive method of research, we are about to answer this question that what are the obligations and responsibilities of Committee on the peaceful uses of outer space (COPUOS) and the states who are carrying out or licensing these kinds of space activities to prevent the potential risks.

Sanctions imposed on Iran to curb Iran's nuclear program proved to be a genuine threat to energy security of major oil importers from Iran, including Spain. With the onset of Iran nuclear issue, Spain could use different policies towards Iran, including leadership role, passive role or acting as a facilitator of the EU foreign policy. Thus, the main question of this research is: What role did Spain play in achieving the JCPOA within the framework of the European Union? The hypothesis of the research states that Spain was taking steps drawing upon its soft power sources to act as a facilitator of the EU foreign policy towards Iran and to achieve the JCPOA. The theoretical framework used is Nye’s theory of soft power. The qualitative research method was the Fairclough’s 3D Model was adopted and the data is drawn from documentary method. The results indicate that Spain, by using soft power components, acted both to advance the EU's strategy towards Iran and to increase its influence in the EU. In its approach towards Iran, Spain considered the issue of improving its situation within the decision-making structure of the European Union. various discourses such as the dialogue of the alliance of civilizations and closeness and friendship during the Zapatero era, trust-building discourse, the regional role of Iran, energy diplomacy and the legal discourse of the Rajoy era all were in the direction of creating and using soft power in order to change the stance in Iran and the European Union.

An aircraft crashing into a nuclear containment may induce a series of disasters related to containment capacity, including local penetration and perforation of the containment, intensive vibrations, and fire ignited after jet fuel leakage. In this study, structural safety of a reinforced concrete containment vessel (RCCV) has been studied against the direct hit of Airbus A320, Boeing 707-320 and Phantom F4 aircrafts. ABAQUS/explicit finite element code has been used to carry out the three-dimensional numerical simulations. The impact locations identified on the nuclear containment structure are mid height of containment, center of the cylindrical portion, junction of dome and cylinder, and over the cylindrical portion close to the foundation level. The loading of the aircraft has been assigned through the corresponding reaction-time response curve. The concrete damaged plasticity model was predicted to simulate the behavior of concrete while the behavior of steel reinforcement was incorporated using elastoplastic material model. Dynamic loading conditions were considered using dynamic increase factor. The mid height of containment and center of cylindrical portion have been found to experience most severe deformation against each aircraft crash. It has also been found that compression damage in concrete is not critical at none of the impact locations.

Although nowadays, nuclear energy has significant role in energy secure at international level, the risk of nuclear accidents due to inefficient nuclear safety and its negative environmental impact is one of the major challenges facing the development of nuclear energy. The main issue is this weather international nuclear law is compatible with international environment law in the context of safety regime? and what mechanisms observe on respect of fundamental environment norms in nuclear activities? Assessing Provisions of international documents on nuclear energy implies attention of nuclear safety regime to the principles of international environmental law. However, in spite of promotion of nuclear safety regime, occurrence of nuclear accident in Fukushima power plant in 2011 in Japan showed that by now international environmental law and international nuclear energy law are not factually compatible in approaching to sustainable development. Actualizing of environmental principals included in international nuclear law and technology transferring from developed countries to developing counties based on article 4 of NPT could be positive step in declining of negative environmental effects of probable nuclear accidents.